Nordsee – the Different Fast Food Restaurant

The Different Fast- Food Restaurant (Case Study for Marketing Course) [pic] MK 300 Michaela Ouzka F03 B April 27, 2005 Summarizing the Facts: As Slovakia becomes an integrated European country, it is increasingly involved in globalization. As a result, many foreign citizens, Slovak business people, and professionals come especially to Bratislava for investment or for other reasons and obviously, as they spend more time in town, there is a higher demand for good quality restaurants.Nordsee is a non- traditional fast food restaurant; it offers quality sea food with self- service. Moreover, a part of the restaurant is a snack-bar for the busier people or for students and there also exists a sea-food store with delicate and fresh sea specialties for the more demanding customers. Nordsee is a German company which was established in 1896. Originally, it was a small firm that consisted of 7 steam boats and was fishing all kinds of sea-food in order to sell it in its own store as fresh as po ssible. Nowadays, this company is Europe’s No. sea-food restaurant with stores all over Germany (364 restaurants combined with snack-bars and stores), Austria and Switzerland due to its 100 years of know-how, its technology, and its outstanding product quality. State the Problem/ Opportunity: Other fast-food chains have already entered the Slovak market and did very well, as for instance McDonald’s or Pizza Hut. However, Nordsee differs a lot from these traditional high-sugar, high-fat burgers and low-carb pizzas. Its meals are very healthy, tasty, and even suitable for vegetarians.It these days, more and more people care about their weight and their lifestyle, and Nordsee can certainly help to reduce the people’s weight and to stay in shape. The main dishes in the restaurant are for instance salmon, shrimps, and many different kinds of sea-fishes, squid or lobster for attractive prices combined with salads, potatoes or soups and sauces. Slovakia represents a go od opportunity for Nordsee to expand to Eastern Europe. It provides low labor-cost and a still rather open market.The target market would be students (snack-bar), labor, professionals or business people (self-service restaurant), and the gourmets (store). The probably biggest problem would be the relatively high prices for the top-quality sea food and the competition from other already existing fast food restaurants. Analyze the Causes of the Problems: †¢ Problem No. 1: Relatively High Prices of the Products This is certainly true if we are speaking about top-quality lobster or salmon. But there are also other, cheaper products in the self-service store or in the snack-bar, as a part of a restaurant.As you can see there is a wide range of many different products and therefore of many pricing levels from cheap to affordable, but of top quality. An average salmon sandwich with salad and a tasty herb-sauce would probably cost just as much as a high-fat McRoyal. Which one would you chose? †¢ Problem No. 2: Competition Obviously there are already fast-food restaurants or baguetterias, but they offer almost no variety and they are incomparable with a Nordsee restaurant, as you sit down in a nice atmosphere and you eat the dishes with knife and fork, and not with your bare hands.You can also have a special fish-soup or a salad with shrimps if you chose to. It is a self-service restaurant; therefore, it wouldn’t take more than 15 minutes to eat a full meal. It would be completely innovative and that is why there would be no real competition in that sense. Of course it would be necessary to open such a store in some shopping center or in the city center of Bratislava where there are many potential customers located. Alternative Solutions: 1.Nordsee opens its own store in Bratislava and if it approves, other stores can be opened in Banska Bystrica or Kosice. Strenghts: Over 100 years of know-how, technology, excellent product quality Weaknesses: It is a German company and it does not completely know how to operate in Eastern Europe (lack of knowledge and experience) Opportunities: Number 1 self-service restaurant with sea-food in Slovakia Threats: Competition, too high prices for Slovak market 2. FranchisingStrenghts: Low risk-taking for Nordsee, other Slovak entrepreneurs invest their money and have better know-how of their domestic market Weaknesses: Nordsee has to provide them with their technology, their expertise and product supplying Opportunities: Nordsee receives payment from Slovak entrepreneurs and without much risk-taking it can become leading fast-food restaurant Threats: Entrepreneurs can stay profitless, Nordsee Company may have therefore damaged reputation, it can no more expand successfully on its own to other Eastern European countries . Slovak entrepreneurs open a similar store with other brand name on their own Strenghts: They do not have to pay Nordsee for franchising; they do not have to obey the standards and orders from Nordsee (independence) Weaknesses: They might not have the required equipment and know-how Opportunities: Opening a similar store but with a different product line and therefore a different, eventually lower pricing Threats: Competition from other, already existing fast-food chains, which are more organized and already experienced Recommended SolutionFranchising would probably be the most suitable choice in order to successfully expand to Slovakia. It would be inevitable to go to Nordsee headquarter in Germany to have a negotiation with the suitable persons to ask for a license to distribute their products and to receive their technology for the preparation of their food. After their agreement, it is necessary to pay for this license and for the equipment for the stores, as they are standardized and are therefore almost identical in every location. This would be called â€Å"niche-marketing†, as there is no other sea-food self-service restaurant in Slovakia yet.J ustification and Evaluation: Franchising would be the most effective choice, as I have worked out the 4 P’s (marketing mix): †¢ Product: Sea-food (fish specialties, shrimps, soups, salads, etc. ) †¢ Price: In a similar range as already existing fast-food restaurants in Slovakia (e. g. McDonald’s) †¢ Promotion: Advertising through TV-spots (depending on the extent of the promotion budget), billboards, flyers, free samples in the stores within the first week of the opening, newspapers, magazines, fitness centers, etc. Place: Bratislava’s city center, shopping malls, etc. (eventually Banska Bystrica and Kosice) To sum up, Nordsee has an enormous potential in Eastern Europe, especially Slovakia through franchising. It is evident that it would certainly do quite well under such conditions especially in Bratislava. There are still no, or just very few, good restaurants with high-quality food where you can eat within a few minutes. There would also be sp ecial offerings for small children with an exceptional dish with a little toy (such as the â€Å"Happy Meal† in McDonald’s stores).As you can see, the potential market is wide-spread and I am positive that Nordsee would definitely be a good alternative to all the fat pizzas and burgers that we all weekly consume with disregard to our health.

Leadership Motivation

Leadership is the process of motivating others to work to meet specific goals and objectives. â€Å"Leadership is deliberately causing people-driven actions in a planned fashion for the purpose of accomplishing the leader's agenda† (Crosby 2). A leader motivates others to action. Thus, it is the motivation of others and their actions that defines a successful leader. In other words, leadership is the art and science of getting others to perform and achieve a vision. Therefore, leadership is not only reflected in performance, no matter how good that performance is, but in accomplishment. As a leader one's focus should be on accomplishing that leadership goals, whether in a personal, community or charitable, business, political, or industrial forum. In the business world, managers have a great responsibility of leading employees working under them. In order to achieve successful leadership, a leader or a manager should possess certain principles and essential skills. Leadership Principles, Objectives and Problems There are several principles a leader should follow to be successful. A few of the principles are as follows: The most important principle of leadership is ‘listening'. â€Å"A good leader is always an active listener† (Rausch, Washbush 143). Active listening shows that the leader cares, is interested and wants to be involved, enabling the n leader to benefit from the experience. The primary objective of a leader would be to adapt the principles of ‘listening' into their own life. If the leader is not a good listener, then he/she should learn how to really listen. In addition to listening and carefully understanding what a team member is saying, leader should also make sure that every team member gets leader's undivided attention (Normand, Jackson 111). Unfortunately, as a listener, leaders have their own problems to face with. Listeners frequently have too many sound and visual signals reaching them at the same time. It is difficult for the listener to pay attention to multiple speakers all at once. Also, there could be a number of other problems the leader could be facing in their own life. The leader as a listener will never listen with understanding until other matters are forgotten for the moment and attention is given to the speaker. Another problem involved with listening is the leader not being able to understand the words being spoken. Hearing what is being spoken is just a part of listening, but understanding some of the words could be tricky sometimes. To avoid problems involving listening, the listener should use good eye contact so that he/she can concentrate on the particular speaker. That helps the listener pay attention on the subject too. Leader should also learn the meaning of the words the speaker is using and if he is unable to understand, he needs to ask questions. This also lets the speaker know that the listener is unable to understand and the listener is paying attention. Planning is determining what you want to accomplish, working out beforehand how it is to be done, deciding who will responsible for each step, and having every phase written down. One of the leader's objectives is to be able to appreciate the value of careful and complete planning. Good leader applies the steps of good planning to each part of life. The leader should visually plan the steps involved to reach a certain goal. For example, assume that an organizational agenda is â€Å"A return on assets of atleast 15 percent, revenues per employee over $155,000 annually, zero customer complaints, twenty new products†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Crosby 33). The first step is to separate the revenue-producing areas into those that are never going to reach that performance level, those that could with the correct investment of time or money, and those that are meeting it now. Things that can must replace those that cannot meet. This sort of planning is a regular part of leaders organizational life (33). The biggest problem with planning is it is time consuming and involves a lot of thought. In addition, it involved paperwork and other systematic procedures. Many people hate paperwork and following systematic procedures, which makes the planning process inefficient. To achieve good planning results without any problems, the leader should set a broad goal or objective and decide what form the project will take. Then develop a step-by-step course of action to completion (Lundy 13). Keeping all the other objectives in mind, the plan should then be put into effect while readjusting the plan as necessary. Most important of all the leadership principles is to be able to effectively manage time. The leader must determine not only how he will use his own time, but also how the group's time will be used. Managing time effectively will allow the leader to achieve success, happiness and pride at the workforce. As a leader, personal time management is one of the chief objectives. At work place, the leader should manage meeting time more effectively. The leader should develop and follow his own personal plan for the effective use of time. Often times leaders find having trouble with managing time. Due to poor organization and lack of planning, time management becomes a tricky task. â€Å"Being unable to set the priorities will make time management process very ineffective and sometimes completely useless† (Washbush, Rausch 269). There are several ways to manage the group's or organization's time effectively. The leader should provide a job description to each person. To save more time, the leader should train or take key people further and commit to these key people when things need to be done immediately. These key people should be kept informed and the leader should have these key people take initiative to report back. The leader should utilize only the time needed for successful completion of the group project, event or activity. Every individual working in the team is important and every individual has varied talents and not to mention problems of their own. Knowing the person, understanding the person and identifying the strengths and needs of the individual are vital for the leader in order to be most effective with the person (Rausch, Washbush 233-235). Leader's objective is to perform more effectively as a leader by getting to know and understand individual members of the group. Leader should be able identify the characteristics and needs of the members of a group. The leader should be able to look for and accept the strengths of each individual (Lundy 43-45). Getting to know a person is a very complex skill and there are several problems involved during this process. People are complex. An individual is like a mixed bag with different characteristics. Until many of the characteristics of an individual are identified, it is impossible to begin to know and understand that person. To overcome the problems of knowing a person, the leader should spend more time with his team members. The leader should make attempts to know the needs and characteristics of his team member and fellow employees. Every human being has need for love. If we love a person, we care for that person and we try not to hurt the person in any way. Love is expressed by doing things to strengthen, improve, support and defend the one loved. A good leader does what is morally and ethically right and does not abuse the management power or privileges he/she has over their sub-ordinates. A good leader loves and gives individual consideration, coaches, advises and gives help to those who need it. A good leader also treats newcomers with a lot of respect and love (Row). Leader should give love to each person he associates with. The primary objective is to overcome the fear as a leader by extablishing close feelings of love with the team members. â€Å"Leadership involves being as well as doing. Individual styles of leadership may be quite different, yet equally effective† (Lundy 76). As conditions and situations change, leaders need to change their styles of leadership. The challenge of the leader is not to follow one leadership style all the time, but to use the leadership style needed by his followers. Leaders should maintain the power or influence of their offices by being kind and knowledgeable. The primary objective of being the leader would be to recognize the qualities necessary for a leader to be successful. Leader should be able to recognize various leadership styles and understand when each would be appropriate. â€Å"Sometimes leader will have to follow their group member and in such situations the good leader will appreciate the leadership in other while serving the role of a follower†(Carlin). Leader often have trouble deciding what leadership style to be used at what given instance. Another problem with leaders is that some leaders tend to follow the same leadership principles all the time and this is not a good idea to tackle special situations. The leader must not consider himself locked into a style of leadership with any individual or group. To avoid problems leaders should always act accordingly and change leadership skills depending on the situation and need. At the same time leader should be confident enough to be able to deal with the new skills (Carlin). Every group needs a leader and the group's performance depends on the leader either directly or indirectly. Whether it is a hospital, private practice, health maintenance organization, government facility, or university, or a business, they all need supervisors and leaders. The behavior as a manager has a direct impact on staff performance, productivity, satisfaction, and turnover. Proper Leadership skills are highly essential for a manager as well as the company or organization to become successful. The leadership principles mentioned in this paper are just a simple guideline for managers and leaders to follow; however, a good leader does not require any guidelines. A good leader inherits leadership qualities by inheritance of leadership abilities and characteristics from their own life. Leadership Motivation Leadership is the process of motivating others to work to meet specific goals and objectives. â€Å"Leadership is deliberately causing people-driven actions in a planned fashion for the purpose of accomplishing the leader's agenda† (Crosby 2). A leader motivates others to action. Thus, it is the motivation of others and their actions that defines a successful leader. In other words, leadership is the art and science of getting others to perform and achieve a vision. Therefore, leadership is not only reflected in performance, no matter how good that performance is, but in accomplishment. As a leader one's focus should be on accomplishing that leadership goals, whether in a personal, community or charitable, business, political, or industrial forum. In the business world, managers have a great responsibility of leading employees working under them. In order to achieve successful leadership, a leader or a manager should possess certain principles and essential skills. Leadership Principles, Objectives and Problems There are several principles a leader should follow to be successful. A few of the principles are as follows: The most important principle of leadership is ‘listening'. â€Å"A good leader is always an active listener† (Rausch, Washbush 143). Active listening shows that the leader cares, is interested and wants to be involved, enabling the n leader to benefit from the experience. The primary objective of a leader would be to adapt the principles of ‘listening' into their own life. If the leader is not a good listener, then he/she should learn how to really listen. In addition to listening and carefully understanding what a team member is saying, leader should also make sure that every team member gets leader's undivided attention (Normand, Jackson 111). Unfortunately, as a listener, leaders have their own problems to face with. Listeners frequently have too many sound and visual signals reaching them at the same time. It is difficult for the listener to pay attention to multiple speakers all at once. Also, there could be a number of other problems the leader could be facing in their own life. The leader as a listener will never listen with understanding until other matters are forgotten for the moment and attention is given to the speaker. Another problem involved with listening is the leader not being able to understand the words being spoken. Hearing what is being spoken is just a part of listening, but understanding some of the words could be tricky sometimes. To avoid problems involving listening, the listener should use good eye contact so that he/she can concentrate on the particular speaker. That helps the listener pay attention on the subject too. Leader should also learn the meaning of the words the speaker is using and if he is unable to understand, he needs to ask questions. This also lets the speaker know that the listener is unable to understand and the listener is paying attention. Planning is determining what you want to accomplish, working out beforehand how it is to be done, deciding who will responsible for each step, and having every phase written down. One of the leader's objectives is to be able to appreciate the value of careful and complete planning. Good leader applies the steps of good planning to each part of life. The leader should visually plan the steps involved to reach a certain goal. For example, assume that an organizational agenda is â€Å"A return on assets of atleast 15 percent, revenues per employee over $155,000 annually, zero customer complaints, twenty new products†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Crosby 33). The first step is to separate the revenue-producing areas into those that are never going to reach that performance level, those that could with the correct investment of time or money, and those that are meeting it now. Things that can must replace those that cannot meet. This sort of planning is a regular part of leaders organizational life (33). The biggest problem with planning is it is time consuming and involves a lot of thought. In addition, it involved paperwork and other systematic procedures. Many people hate paperwork and following systematic procedures, which makes the planning process inefficient. To achieve good planning results without any problems, the leader should set a broad goal or objective and decide what form the project will take. Then develop a step-by-step course of action to completion (Lundy 13). Keeping all the other objectives in mind, the plan should then be put into effect while readjusting the plan as necessary. Most important of all the leadership principles is to be able to effectively manage time. The leader must determine not only how he will use his own time, but also how the group's time will be used. Managing time effectively will allow the leader to achieve success, happiness and pride at the workforce. As a leader, personal time management is one of the chief objectives. At work place, the leader should manage meeting time more effectively. The leader should develop and follow his own personal plan for the effective use of time. Often times leaders find having trouble with managing time. Due to poor organization and lack of planning, time management becomes a tricky task. â€Å"Being unable to set the priorities will make time management process very ineffective and sometimes completely useless† (Washbush, Rausch 269). There are several ways to manage the group's or organization's time effectively. The leader should provide a job description to each person. To save more time, the leader should train or take key people further and commit to these key people when things need to be done immediately. These key people should be kept informed and the leader should have these key people take initiative to report back. The leader should utilize only the time needed for successful completion of the group project, event or activity. Every individual working in the team is important and every individual has varied talents and not to mention problems of their own. Knowing the person, understanding the person and identifying the strengths and needs of the individual are vital for the leader in order to be most effective with the person (Rausch, Washbush 233-235). Leader's objective is to perform more effectively as a leader by getting to know and understand individual members of the group. Leader should be able identify the characteristics and needs of the members of a group. The leader should be able to look for and accept the strengths of each individual (Lundy 43-45). Getting to know a person is a very complex skill and there are several problems involved during this process. People are complex. An individual is like a mixed bag with different characteristics. Until many of the characteristics of an individual are identified, it is impossible to begin to know and understand that person. To overcome the problems of knowing a person, the leader should spend more time with his team members. The leader should make attempts to know the needs and characteristics of his team member and fellow employees. Every human being has need for love. If we love a person, we care for that person and we try not to hurt the person in any way. Love is expressed by doing things to strengthen, improve, support and defend the one loved. A good leader does what is morally and ethically right and does not abuse the management power or privileges he/she has over their sub-ordinates. A good leader loves and gives individual consideration, coaches, advises and gives help to those who need it. A good leader also treats newcomers with a lot of respect and love (Row). Leader should give love to each person he associates with. The primary objective is to overcome the fear as a leader by extablishing close feelings of love with the team members. â€Å"Leadership involves being as well as doing. Individual styles of leadership may be quite different, yet equally effective† (Lundy 76). As conditions and situations change, leaders need to change their styles of leadership. The challenge of the leader is not to follow one leadership style all the time, but to use the leadership style needed by his followers. Leaders should maintain the power or influence of their offices by being kind and knowledgeable. The primary objective of being the leader would be to recognize the qualities necessary for a leader to be successful. Leader should be able to recognize various leadership styles and understand when each would be appropriate. â€Å"Sometimes leader will have to follow their group member and in such situations the good leader will appreciate the leadership in other while serving the role of a follower†(Carlin). Leader often have trouble deciding what leadership style to be used at what given instance. Another problem with leaders is that some leaders tend to follow the same leadership principles all the time and this is not a good idea to tackle special situations. The leader must not consider himself locked into a style of leadership with any individual or group. To avoid problems leaders should always act accordingly and change leadership skills depending on the situation and need. At the same time leader should be confident enough to be able to deal with the new skills (Carlin). Every group needs a leader and the group's performance depends on the leader either directly or indirectly. Whether it is a hospital, private practice, health maintenance organization, government facility, or university, or a business, they all need supervisors and leaders. The behavior as a manager has a direct impact on staff performance, productivity, satisfaction, and turnover. Proper Leadership skills are highly essential for a manager as well as the company or organization to become successful. The leadership principles mentioned in this paper are just a simple guideline for managers and leaders to follow; however, a good leader does not require any guidelines. A good leader inherits leadership qualities by inheritance of leadership abilities and characteristics from their own life.

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Global Change Essay Example for Free

Global Change Essay The concept of civil society was reinvented in the late 1980s in response to the rapid market development and the end of the Cold War. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the rapid development of global market due to higher international security. Market development gradually leads to the development of civil society for two reasons: Firstly, the middle class helps to fight more freedom from the government as they want to gain more and more control of themselves. This situation, allows spaces for civil society to develop. Some donors search for NGOs to implement their civic or economic related interests and visions. 1 Secondly, the retreat of the â€Å"welfare† states in western countries further triggers the emergence of civil society as people want to address the problem themselves instead of solely depending on the invisible hand of the free market. Hong Kong, which is recognized as a newly industrialized economy (NIE) has adopted the minimal-interventionist principle in economic development for a long Low tax rate and free market policies are the priorities of the Hong Kong government. Civil society is said to be very important in the implementation of democracy as civil society is a representation of diverse interests of the people. In the planning system of Hong Kong, though the government was willing to involve more public participation in the process with the increasing force of democratization between 1990 and 1997, the role of civil society in planning policy formulation and implementation was not yet clear. According to the experiences of some UK cities, partnership between civil society and the local governments can facilitate sustainable development. It is yet to know whether such kind of partnership is possible in Hong Kong or not. So the aim of this paper is to find out the challenges and opportunities of mobilizing partnership between the government and civil society. Aims of the study This paper aims to explore the challenges and opportunities in fostering partnership between civil society and the government in the planning system of Hong Kong. This paper is based on the central argument that civil society organizations (â€Å"CSOs†) should play significant role in the planning system to explore the challenges and opportunities. It is argued that CSOs are important for promoting more effective idea in the policy planning in terms of reflecting the needs of the locals as well as the moral values neglected by both market and the government. It is believed that the challenges and opportunities are not that straightforward to be understood as they should involve a lot of other factors. These factors are to be examined in order to provide a clearer picture for the analysis. Structure of the paper This study is composed of six sections:- Session I begins with an introduction. It states the purpose of this paper and the content structure. Section II is the theoretical framework established for understanding the theoretical meaning of civil society and the importance of partnership between the government and the CSOs. Section III is the background about development of citizenship in Hong Kong. It is found that the civil society in Hong Kong is becoming mature. Section IV discusses on the six major factors contributing to the challenges in the relationship between the government and the civil society. Section V seeks to study real-life cases to further strengthen the argument that CSOs should play significant role in the planning system. Section VI, the final section of this paper. It summarizes all the key issues discussed in this paper and highlights the importance of the role of CSOs in planning system.   Defining â€Å"Civil Society† The definitions and meaning of civil society in different mainstream theories are explored and outlined in Appendix 1. The interpretation of civil society by Aristotle is now widely recognized as autonomy, not under direct state control. It emphasized on the formation of government based on voluntary willingness of people and universal election in order to guarantee sovereignty of citizens (for Locke) and the freedom of civil society (for Rousseau). The existing political system in Hong Kong is different as the HKSAR government is not directly elected by the citizens. Hong Kong people can only elect some of the legislative councilors, who act as delegates to deal with legislative issues; and district councilors, who are serving as advisors of the government. The sovereignty is just partly in the hand of Hong Kong people. In fact, the situation of Hong Kong is closer to the idea of Hegel that civil society and family together form the state. Civil society is actually functioning as a partly autonomy body under the government of Hong Kong. However, civil society should perform a more active role in the system in order to balance the power of the state and the market for the benefit of the public. So Friedmanns definition of civil society will be applied to support the empowerment of civil society. Civil society, as an association of individual interests, should grow up to balance the power of the state. His definition also separates the concept of market from civil society, which is applicable in the situation of Hong Kong. Friedmann(1998) states that civil society must be seen as standing in â€Å"opposition† to the corporate economy. The relationship of civil society and the market should not be neglected when we understand the relationship of the government and the civil society. 2 To sum up, the combination of Friedmanns and Hegel’s definition of civil society is applied in this paper. Civil society is defined as a sphere without direct state control, but is not totally separated from the state. The participation in civil society is based on voluntary willingness and it is actually an association of various individual interests. It is different from the concepts of corporate economy and family, but they are related to some extent. Civil society may not necessarily oppose to the corporate economy, but they may interplay to produce good results. Civil society should be empowered to balance the power of the government and market.

Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)

Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Spectral analysis, thermal behavior, XRD and morphology study in synthesis of carbon nanotubes decorated by Cysteamine Or A simple and efficient procedure for synthesis of Thiolic Composite with use Oxide Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Or A simple and efficient procedure for synthesis of composite thiol with use oxide multi walled carbon nanotube and sulfur Or Behnam Maazinejad, Hamidreza Sadegh, Imran Ali, Ramin Shahryari Ghoshekandi, Vahid Ali Abstract In this paper, the effects of multi-Walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied as supports for the synthesis of MWCNT-COOH-Cysteamine nanocomposite. At first Purification MWCNT in H2SO4 and HNO3, solved and the solution earned ultrasound was to attain the equilibrium temperature to functionalization of carboxylate multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH). Then using Cysteamine hydrochloride and NHS and DMF and EDC and MWCNT-COOH the mixture was refluxing. The prepared on thiol derivatized nanocomposite were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning electron microscope, FTIR spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Keywords MWCNTs, Carbon nanotubes, Functionalization, Cysteamine, Surface modification, Nanocomposite, Thiol, CNT 1. Introduction Nanotechnology is significantly impressive Science and Economy in the 21st century [1]. Carbon, in different forms, has been long used as the main constituent material of solid electrodes as a further too metal electrodes [2]. After the first Iijima elucidation of their structures in 1991 [3], carbon nanotubes have attracted considerable interdisciplinary interest [4]. Carbon nanotubes are promising additives for thermoplastics, due to their superior mechanical, thermal, magnetic and electrical properties [5]. To optimize the potential applications of carbon nanotubes, it is essential to modify the carbon nanotubes with functional groups and/or nanoparticles in order to integrate the carbon nanotubes into desired structures or attach suitable nanostructures to them [6]. Carbon nanotubes possess high flexibility, large aspect ratios (Normally >1000), unique internal structures, electrical conductivity, high chemical activity, low mass density, high electro active surface area, thermal stability and great mechanical strength [7]. CNTs have extraordinary electrical conductivity and heat conductivity and mechanical properties, they are probably the top electron field-emitter possible, and their material properties can accordingly approach closely the very high levels intrinsic to them [8]. Hence, CNT’s have received considerable attention for usage in chemistry and environmental remediation [9]. CNTs represent an exquisite class of nanomaterials that stepped into the nanomedicine arena not more than a decade behind [10]. The two main types of carbon nanotubes are the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), yet there are some other rare types such as fullerite, torus, and nanoknot [11]. Surface functional groups can modify the surface charge, functionality and reactivity of the surface, and increase the stability, and dispensability of Different materials [12-13]. Organic sulfur compounds are wide-spreading in numerous natural products and widely used as multiple artificial chemicals [14]. The structure and surface chemistry of organic thin films is a research region related to several interfacial processes, including biological events, lubrication, adhesion, wettability, corrosion, electrochemistry, and microelectronic fabrication. To acquire the optimum performance of a material or device in one of these applications, the organic thin film must be prepared with the right type, concentration, and arrangement of functional handle. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes is found to be an efficient way of modification processes which in public is divided in two main categories: noncovalent and covalent. Covalent functionalization is an irretrievable process of appendag e on the nanotube walls or tips it is based on the formation of a covalent coupling between functional entities and the carbon skeleton of nanotubes. Non-covalent functionalization is based on supramolecular complexation using different adsorption forces, such as van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic force and Ï€-Ï€ stacking interactions. [57.15-55-56]. Thiols are the maximum reactive nucleophilic reagents among altogether the biological models investigated [16]. Thiol group is an alright ligand because of its strong affinity to various heavy metal ions as a result of Lewis acid–base interactions [17]. To various heavy metal ions as a result of Lewis acid–base interactions [3]. Thiol Derivatives paper Cysteamine an aminothiol, is used to decrease tissue cystine content in patients with nephropathic cystinosis, an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder in which intracellular cystine accumulates due to impaired redeploy out of lysosomes [18]. Cysteamine is a sulfhydryl containing compound which appears to arise from the decarboxylation of cysteine or the breakdown of pantetheine [19]. Scheme 1. Is a schematic Cysteamine. [20] Scheme 1. Cysteamine Table 2: Structure and characteristics of Cysteamine [21] Cysteamine () is one of the simplest molecules able to bond with the each atoms surface through its sulfur and nitrogen atoms and a prerequisite for the design of compact monolayers with acceptable properties is a fundamental understanding of the forces captive in the self-assembly process, and the characterization of the film at the molecular level [22]. Cysteamine as drug applications that have been noted in the table 3 below: Table 3 In this study, we functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl group and thiol-derivatized via condensation reaction between carboxylated-MWCNT powders and Cysteamine. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM and TGA were used to characterize the presence of Cysteamine on the MWCNT-COOH surface. 2. Experimental Procedures 2.1. Materials Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with Purity 95 %, outer diameter and length and manufacturing method catalytic chemical vapor deposition were purchased from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. Sulfuric acid (97 %, AR grade) and nitric acid (37%, AR grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF:98%), 1-ethyl-(3-3’-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC: 97%), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS: 99%) were purchased from Merck Millipore and Cysteamine hydrochloride (99%) were purchased from sigma Aldrich and used as received unless otherwise stated. 2.2 Characterization methods 2.2.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) X-ray diffraction studies were carried out with an X-ray diffractometer (Model No. D8-Advance, Bruker AXS). 2.1.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) The functional groups on the MWCNTs surface were determined using Fourier transform infrared FTIR method (VERTEX 70, Brucker). FTIR spectrum of MWCNTS was recorded in the range of 4000– 400 using pellets method. 2.2.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The morphologies and sizes of the nano-structures were characterized by transmission electron microscope â€Å"TEM† (PHILIPS EM 208). 2.2.4 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out using a TG Labsys DSC, Setaram. 2.2.5 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) The size and morphology of MWCNTs was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (VEGA3, TESCAN). 2.3 Synthesis method At first [1] (1g) was treated with 20% hydrochloric acid for 120 min sonication, to remove impurities such as residual catalysts and amorphous carbons in the phase of synthesis , Then the sample was filtered with Millipore membrane filter 0.22 and washed many successive times with distilled water. 2.3.1 Oxidation of MWCNTs Multi-walled carbon nanotubes was synthesized by a formerly reported method [52-53]. 0.75 g of pristine MWCNTs was added to 180ml mixture of concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 (1:3, v/v) and then ultrasonicated for a course of 140 min. then mixture was transferred to a flask equipped with a condenser and was refluxed with drastic shocking at 75 for 6 h. After cooling to Ambient temperature the mixture was filtered with filters paper and filtrated solid was washed thoroughly by deionized water until the filtrate pH was close to neutral. The filter sample was then dried in a vacuum oven at 80 oC for 120 min. The sample was abbreviated as MWCNT-COOH. 2.3.2 [1] Pavani, K. V., Gayathramma, K., Banerjee, A., Suresh, S. (2013). Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Ipomoea i ndica Flowers. American Journal of Nanomaterials, 1(1), 5-8. [2] Garcà ­a-Gonzà ¡lez, R., Fernà ¡ndez-La Villa, A., Costa-Garcà ­a, A., Fernà ¡ndez-Abedul, M. T. (2013). Dispersion studies of carboxyl, amine and thiol-functionalized carbon nanotubes for improving the electrochemical behavior of screen printed electrodes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 181, 353-360. [3] Sanagi, M. M., Hussain, I., Ibrahim, W. A. W., Yahaya, N., Kamaruzaman, S., Abidin, N. N. Z., Ali, I. (2014). Micro extraction of Xenobiotics and Biomolecules from Different Matrices on Nano Structures. Separation Purification Reviews, (just-accepted). [4] Sadegh, H., Shahryari-Ghoshekandi, R., Kazemi, M. (2014). Study in synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes decorated by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. International Nano Letters, 4(4), 129-135. [5] Mahmoodi, M., Arjmand, M., Sundararaj, U., Park, S. (2012). The electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding of injection molded multi-walled carbon nanotube/polystyrene composites. Carbon, 50(4), 1455-1464. [6] Zhang, Q., Zhu, M., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Wang, H. (2009). The formation of magnetite nanoparticles on the sidewalls of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Composites Science and Technology, 69(5), 633-638. [7] Mahmoodian, H., Moradi, O., Shariatzadeh, B. (2014). Grafting chitosan and polyHEMA on carbon nanotubes surfaces: â€Å"Grafting to† and â€Å"Grafting from† methods. International journal of biological macromolecules, 63, 92-97. [8] Moradi, O., Sadegh, H., Shahryari-Ghoshekandi, R., Norouzi, M. (2014). Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Nanomedicine: New Medical Approach for Tomorrow. Handbook of Research on Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in Biomedicine, Chemistry, and Engineering, 90. [9] Bahrami, K., Khodaei, M. M., Soheilizad, M. (2009). Direct conversion of thiols to sulfonyl chlorides and sulfonamides. The Journal of organic chemistry, 74(24), 9287-9291. [10] Jain, S., Thakare, V. S., Das, M., Godugu, C., Jain, A. K., Mathur, R., Mishra, A. K. (2011). Toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with end defects critically depends on their functionalization density. Chemical research in toxicology, 24(11), 2028-2039. [11] Aqel, A., El-Nour, K. M., Ammar, R. A., Al-Warthan, A. (2012). Carbon nanotubes, science and technology part (I) structure, synthesis and characterisation. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 5(1), 1-23. [12] Wang, Y., Iqbal, Z., Mitra, S. (2006). Rapidly functionalized, water-dispersed carbon nanotubes at high concentration. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(1), 95-99. [13] Saleh, T. A., Gupta, V. K. (2013). Covalent and Nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes.Advanced Carbon Materials and Technology, 317-330. [14] VukoviĆ¡, G. D., MarinkoviĆ¡, A. D., ÄŒoliĆ¡, M., RistiĆ¡, M. Ä ., AleksiĆ¡, R., PeriĆ¡-GrujiĆ¡, A. A., UskokoviĆ¡, P. S. (2010). Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by oxidized and ethylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 157(1), 238-248. [15] Castner, D. G., Hinds, K., Grainger, D. W. (1996). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy sulfur 2p study of organic thiol and disulfide binding interactions with gold surfaces. Langmuir, 12(21), 5083-5086. [16] Holmgren, A., Sengupta, R. (2010). The use of thiols by ribonucleotide reductase. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 49(11), 1617-1628. [17] Vieira, E. S., Simoni, J. A. (1997). Interaction of cations with SH-modified silica gel: thermochemical study through calorimetric titration and direct extent of reaction determination. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 7(11), 2249-2252. [18] Gahl, W. A. (2003). Early oral Cysteamine therapy for nephropathic cystinosis. European journal of pediatrics, 162(1), S38-S41. [19] Kuņºmierek, K., Bald, E. (2008). Measurement of reduced and total Mercaptamine in urine using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Biomedical Chromatography, 22(4), 441-445. [20] Reid, E. Emmet (1958). Organic Chemistry of Bivalent Sulfur 1. New York: Chemical Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 398–399. [21] Lukashin, B. P., Grebeniuk, A. N. (2000). [Comparative study of the radiation-protective effectiveness of low doses of cysteamine, heparin, and naphtizine in experiments on mice]. Radiatsionnaia biologiia, radioecologiia / Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk, 41(3), 310-312. [22] Bloxham, S., Eicherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Lorka, O., JakubÄ-nas, R., Niaura, G. (2003). Adsorption of Cysteamine at Copper Electrodes as Studied by Surfaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Spectroscopy letters, 36(3), 211-226. [23] Dayalu, P., Albin, R. L. (2015). Huntington Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Neurologic clinics, 33(1), 101-114. [24] Kurlan, R., Evans, R., Wrigley, S., McPartland, S., Bustami, R., Cotter, A. (2015). Tai Chi in Parkinson’s disease: A Preliminary Randomized, Controlled, and Rater-Blinded Study. Advances in Parkinsons disease, 4(01), 9. [25] Than, N. N., Newsome, P. N. (2015). A concise review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Atherosclerosis. 239(1), 192–202. [26] Bordon, Y. (2015). Microbiota: Gut bacteria cross malaria. Nature Reviews Immunology, 15(1), 1-1. [27] Brawer, J.R. et al. (1994) the origin and composition of peroxidase-positive granules in cysteamine-treated astrocytes in culture. Brain Res. 633, 9–20. [52] Wu, T. M., Lin, Y. W. (2006). Doped polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites: Preparation, characterization and properties. Polymer, 47(10), 3576-3582. [53] Xu, J., Yao, P., Li, X., He, F. (2008). Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble and conducting sulfonated polyaniline/ para-phenylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes nano-composite. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 151(3), 210-219. [55] Ansari, R., Ajori, S., Rouhi, S. (2015). Elastic properties and buckling behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with diethyltoluenediamines using molecular dynamics simulations. Superlattices and Microstructures, 77, 54-63. [56] Bie, B. X., Han, J. H., Lu, L., Zhou, X. M., Qi, M. L., Zhang, Z., Luo, S. N. (2015). Dynamic fracture of carbon nanotube/epoxy composites under high strain-rate loading. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 68, 282-288. [57] Shi, Q., Yang, D., Su, Y., Li, J., Jiang, Z., Jiang, Y., Yuan, W. (2007). Covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by lipase. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 9(6), 1205-1210. [1] Raw Carbon nanotubes( pure carbon nanotubes: p-MWCNT)

African Diaspora Essay -- essays papers

African Diaspora The study of cultures in the African Diaspora is relatively young. Slavery and the trans-Atlantic slave trade brought numerous Africans, under forced and brutal conditions, to the New World. Of particular interest to many recent historians and Africanists is the extent to which Africans were able to transfer, retain, modify or transform their cultures under the conditions of their new environments. Three main schools of thought have emerged in scholarly discussion and research on this topic. Some argue that there are no significant connections between Africans and African American communities in the Americas. Others argue that Africans retained significant aspects of their cultures. Similar to this argument, some have argued that Africans, responding to their new environments, retained and transformed African cultures into new African-American ethnic units. Detailed research done on slave communities in Surinam, South Carolina and Louisiana allow us to look deeper into the stated arguments. Having recently addressed the same issues using Colonial South Carolina as a case study, I will focus largely on some of the arguments and conclusions drawn from this study. The evidence from South Carolina, Louisiana and Surinam supports the second and third arguments much more than the first. The third argument, that of cultural transformation, is the argument I find to be most valid. John Thornton's analysis of this issue is extremely helpful. He addresses the "no connections" arguments in chapters 6, 7 and 8. He outlines the claims made by scholars Franklin Frazier, Stanley Elkins, Sidney Mintz and Richard Price. Frazier and Mintz believe that the extreme trauma and disruption experienced by Africans during the process of enslavement and the middle passage minimized the possibility that they maintained aspects of their cultures in the new world. They argue that this process "had the effect of traumatizing and marginalizing them, so that they would became cultural receptacles rather than donors" (152). Mintz and Price have argued the slave trade had the effect of "permanently breaking numerous social bonds that had tied Africans together..." (153). Another element of the "no connections" argument claims that Africans did not receive enough associational time with each othe... ... capacity. The use of poison as a form of rebellion is visible in both the examples from Colonial South Carolina and Jamaica. Cases of death by poison in Colonial South Carolina leading up to the Stono Rebellion led to its inclusion in the Negro Act of 1740. The Act made poisoning a felony punishable by death. In conclusion, both significant African retentions and transformations took place in the early European settlement of the Americas. More recently, there has been a tendency to overemphasize or even romanticize the "Africanisms." While acknowledging "Africanisms" did make their way into the Americas, I find the evidence from accounts of early slave cultures and the Anthropological background provided by Thornton on cultural transformation and change persuasive in suggesting the formation of Afro- American rather than "Afro-centric" communities. This approach to the slavery and the slave era is relatively young and will have to be developed. A conclusion that is clear after studying works of Peter Wood, Gwendolyn Hall and Richard Price, is that the early arguments suggesting no connection of African heritage to the Americas are entirely invalid.

The Darkness of Edwin A. Abbotts Flatland Essay -- Abbott Flatland E

The Darkness of Flatland            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The golden sand sparkles in the brilliant sunlight. The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   radiant beams hit the calm waves which magnify the fervent light.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Content and overjoyed, many birds fly high overhead. On the      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  beach, an annoying crab approaches an ostrich, coercing the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grounded bird to hide its head in a hole in the sand.   Paralyzed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with fear, the mammoth bird, although huge in comparison to the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attacking crab, buries its head in the cold, wet sand, hoping   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that the feeble but ominous assailant will leave.   Comfortable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with its dreary hiding place, the large, awkward bird remains   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   buried its entire life, never experiencing the comforting life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   which the light produces. Because the bird is intimidated by this   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   minuscule but threatening crab, the never-ending cycle of fear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   continues.   Much like this frightened bird and the citizens of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flatland, humans prefe... ...nbsp;   ideas. Often, leaders fear irregulars because they speak the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   truth. Arthur, a   born-again irregular through his experiences,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   tells of a new way of living and striving to live   right and not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to fear the unknown, but to bring it into the open, explore it,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and to learn from it.   They will always rely on logic and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   tradition, ignoring faith and ideas based not on fact. Flatland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   will remain without light forever.            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     

Pre-literacy and Modern Vestiges Essays -- Literature Epic Poetry Poem

Pre-literacy and Modern Vestiges For many years, the conventions and existence of epic poetry from the pre-literate age were explained as repositories for information. A well-known story, usually involving a hero that embodied the virtues of the society who told the story, engages in battles, quests, etc. As the epic is spoken to an audience, the hero’s actions and the way they are described impart the audience with information and teachings. The information the listeners received is thought by some to be analogous to a modern day textbook lesson, in which students learn mathematics, grammar, and law, all by the written word. So is the contention of Homeric scholar Eric A. Havelock. As Hobart and Schiffman state in Orality and the Problem of Memory, Everywhere he looked in Homer, Havelock saw a wealth of instruction. For instance, the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon at the beginning of the Iliad embodies for him a wide range of subliminal â€Å"teachings.† It lays out the rules for disposition of captives, the etiquette of making and receiving ransom requests, the reverence due to priests, the respect accorded to kings by powerful warriors, and the symbols of public authority†¦(19). Havelock believed the nature of the epic was to verbally hand down a type of classical social contract, so that society could remain stable based upon the information that the speaker’s gave audiences of the Iliad. Integral to the audience’s reception of these teachings was a willingness to become participatory in the communication of the epic. According to Havelock, this is not a choice, but a necessity for a pre-literate listener. Havelock contends that a pre-literate soci... ...ring a list of words and definitions. What is important in Hobart and Schiffman’s essay is the idea that the purpose of oral epics is radically different than what has been traditionally thought. Our modern concept of memory is a very personal experience, as is for the most part our learning styles. Books are intimate and stress the individual interpreter of them; their pages are filled with information that in the reader’s hands might be hundreds of years removed from the time they were written. Yet with spoken epics, the only way to experience them was in the flesh, listening in a group to the speaker. It was a nominally individual process, but did include information as a print culture knows it. In the present day, perhaps the immediacy of the performance nature of pre-literate work is overlooked when so many written words flash before our eyes on pages. Pre-literacy and Modern Vestiges Essays -- Literature Epic Poetry Poem Pre-literacy and Modern Vestiges For many years, the conventions and existence of epic poetry from the pre-literate age were explained as repositories for information. A well-known story, usually involving a hero that embodied the virtues of the society who told the story, engages in battles, quests, etc. As the epic is spoken to an audience, the hero’s actions and the way they are described impart the audience with information and teachings. The information the listeners received is thought by some to be analogous to a modern day textbook lesson, in which students learn mathematics, grammar, and law, all by the written word. So is the contention of Homeric scholar Eric A. Havelock. As Hobart and Schiffman state in Orality and the Problem of Memory, Everywhere he looked in Homer, Havelock saw a wealth of instruction. For instance, the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon at the beginning of the Iliad embodies for him a wide range of subliminal â€Å"teachings.† It lays out the rules for disposition of captives, the etiquette of making and receiving ransom requests, the reverence due to priests, the respect accorded to kings by powerful warriors, and the symbols of public authority†¦(19). Havelock believed the nature of the epic was to verbally hand down a type of classical social contract, so that society could remain stable based upon the information that the speaker’s gave audiences of the Iliad. Integral to the audience’s reception of these teachings was a willingness to become participatory in the communication of the epic. According to Havelock, this is not a choice, but a necessity for a pre-literate listener. Havelock contends that a pre-literate soci... ...ring a list of words and definitions. What is important in Hobart and Schiffman’s essay is the idea that the purpose of oral epics is radically different than what has been traditionally thought. Our modern concept of memory is a very personal experience, as is for the most part our learning styles. Books are intimate and stress the individual interpreter of them; their pages are filled with information that in the reader’s hands might be hundreds of years removed from the time they were written. Yet with spoken epics, the only way to experience them was in the flesh, listening in a group to the speaker. It was a nominally individual process, but did include information as a print culture knows it. In the present day, perhaps the immediacy of the performance nature of pre-literate work is overlooked when so many written words flash before our eyes on pages.

Political Climate of the 1980s Essay

The period starting from 1980 to 1991 was a dawn for the newly implemented international challenges and changes as sponsored by the government of the United States of America. This period was dominated by the immense influence of the Reagan administration. In 1980, Ronald Regan was elected into the presidential post, serving eight years as the president of the United States of America. In addition, this period also determined and strengthened the hegemonic leadership of the American government as the Soviet Union fell towards the end of 1980s, hence declaring the Cold War over. At the start of this period, Reagan implemented economic policies that revolutionized and saved the declining economy of the United States. This set of economic reforms became well-known as â€Å"Reaganomics. † This was comprised of new and aggressive fiscal policies that were meant to decrease the inflation in the American economy, and at the same time steps were taken to further establish the American economy as the strongest in the international arena. The brief span of 1981 to 1986, certain fiscal policies have been implemented in order to keep the economic policies abreast with international changes and to save the American economy from further inflation. In 1981, the Economic Recovery Act was implemented. This was the first Fiscal Policy that was enacted and which had three components all related towards the imposition of tax cuts. In 1982, corporate taxes were imposed. And at the end of 1986, the American economy has undergone three phases, all of which were dominated by changes in the fiscal and monetary policies and expansion. In effect, deficit rate decreased significantly as compared to the economic status experienced during the previous administrations (Looney 1995). In the field of politics, certain changes have also been made. In 1982 and 1985, the involvement of the American government in international struggles became rather pronounced. The Reagan administration opposed the retreat of the American forces during the height of the Vietnam War, and as such, he worked towards the eradication of communist ideas during his presidential term. As such, the Reagan administration took part in defeating the communist forces that were rampant during the period. The American government took active involvement in the military struggles in Cambodia and in the Philippines. In line with this, during the Reagan era, the tensed confrontation brought by the Cold War finally ended. The 40 years of hostility was broken down at the fall of the Soviet Union towards the end of 1980s (Hodges 2000). The breakdown of the Soviet bloc and the end of the Cold War spelled out significant changes to the international order. The Soviet Union, which was the main competitor of the United States in terms of politics, economy and military strength, posted challenge for world leadership for the United States. Hence, at the fall of the Soviet bloc, the post was left for the American government alone. Thus, at the end of the Cold War, the United States government was prompted to make certain actions that strengthened their influence in other smaller countries. Communist insurgents were greatly weakened during this period, and as such, capitalist motives were pushed forward. Towards the end of this era, more economic policies were implemented that were geared towards globalization and liberalization. With the immense influence and power that the American government posted, most of the countries – developed and developing countries – followed the suit after America. Thus, this period was largely highlighted by the increasing influence of the United States of America towards the establishment of a globalized community which is still prevailing during this generation.

A Mother-Daughter Relationship Essay

The publication had the rarest of chances and of course, a bit of luck, to have the honor of reading from Mrs. Jane Bingley excerpt at her house near Longbourn. We have come to speak with the former Ms. Bennet about her mother, who sadly passed away five years ago after a period of ill health. After being supplied by a generous amount of tea and sweets, Mrs. Jane Bingley was more than accommodating. She had welcomed us graciously into her home and had agreed a few weeks before to conduct this interview. Clearly, there were some unresolved issues before their mother’s death. I asked whether there were some specific issue. Yes, the whole affair was a fiasco. Men came strolling down our lawn, some high-society people, right old snobs by the way, and of course my mother, who I daresay was in the middle of it all. Indeed, it was quite a fiasco for the Bennet family. Miss Jane Bennet-Bingley was the eldest of five children of the Bennet family. Their mother, as she narrates, was highly-obsessed with the idea of accomplishing her self-sworn duty to see all her daughters to get married. She used to send my sisters and me to social gatherings, and such. It was the popular thing to do back then and consequently became a symbol of social stature. We were just middle-class, or more appropriately, preferred to linger between in the middle with menial social associations. This proved to be a factor toward their marriages which, by some sort of instances, was provoked by a high-class society member: the late Lady Catherine. She was arrogant, just like any aristocrat back then. She especially gave my sister, Lizzy (Elizabeth) a hard time since her husband was a nephew of hers. She did not want some sort of low-class society girl with his well-bred nephew. But then, the way things turned out surprised everybody, including me. About my mother’s personality (with expression of momentary soft happiness), I did not hate nor despise my mother. My father would probably scorn at the thought, but then again, my father talked little. He cared for us and for the family very much but he would just sit sometimes in his study and let our mother do all the talking. Mrs. Bennet was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied herself nervously. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news (Austen). Mrs. Bennet’s proudest moment would be the marriage of her two daughters, Jane and Elizabeth, to both respectable and hard-working men. We had our own marriage. My mother did not have any part of it; though I like to think that she did try to impress upon everybody else that she did have a part of it â€Å"on our marriage†. She was always fussy, kind to people, especially our husbands. She tried everything to put us in our good name, just to get married. Indeed, the social status during Mrs. Bingley’s time was centered on the idea that women had only one goal in their lives—that is, to get married. Quite ludicrous actually; in changing times, the status of women have elevated to a more distinguished level. But my mother, if she were alive today, would not understand that. Mrs. Bingley, according to their narration, lived for the purpose of seeing her daughters married without any preamble or consideration for their feelings. Her obsession for marriage blinded her real nature. She was a good mother though; she never failed to uphold her duty as my father’s wife or our mother. I was indeed surprised that my father did not react in such a way that he was displeased with my mother’s behavior back then. But I suppose it was really just her nature to be so. To summarily put forward a remark, I did not like the way my mother handled our affairs when she was still alive. She often embarrassed us and the family with her superfluous attempts of raising the name of the family even though it wasn’t needed. She was much concerned with the way we compose ourselves that she had started to ignore her own behavior. She acted like most mothers would do, though in a different case. And if she did not do what she did, I might still be single anyway. We loved her and we still do. Reference Austen, J. (1995). Pride and Prejudice.

President Wilson Urges Support for Ideal of League of Nations Essay

After the end of World War One, President Woodrow Wilson sought national support for his idea of a League of Nations. He took his appeal directly to the American people in the summer of nineteen nineteen. The plan for the League of Nations was part of the peace treaty that ended World War One. By law, the United States Senate would have to vote on the treaty. President Wilson believed the Senate would have to approve it if the American people demanded it. So Wilson traveled across America. He stopped in many places to speak about the need for the League of Nations. He said the league was the only hope for world peace. It was the only way to prevent another world war. Wilson’s health grew worse during the long journey across the country. He was forced to return to Washington. The Senate was completing debate on the Treaty of Versailles. That was the World War One peace agreement that contained Wilson’s plan for the league. It seemed clear the Senate would reject the treaty. Too many Senators feared the United States would lose some of its independence and freedom if it joined the league. Wilson wrote a letter from his sick bed, to the other members of the Democratic Party. He urged them to continue debate on the League of Nations. He said a majority of Americans wanted the treaty approved. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee agreed to re-open discussion on the treaty. It searched yet again for a compromise. Wilson refused. He said the treaty must be approved as written. Wilson’s unwillingness to compromise helped kill the treaty once and for all. The Senate finally voted again, and the treaty was defeated by seven votes. The treaty was dead. Yet history would prove him correct, and the Second World War would be far more destructive than the first. The debate over the Treaty of Versailles was the central issue in American politics during the end of Woodrow Wilson’s administration. It also played a major part in the presidential election of nineteen twenty.

Commonly known

Electronic commerce which Is commonly known as E-commerce or E-business Is a modern concept of doing business. In layman's language, It Is the buying and selling of products and services over electronic systems which mainly comprises of Internet. In this form of business the payment for goods and services is also done electronically I. E. By using credit cards. This concept has reached its maturity in developed countries like the united States of America and united Kingdom, but it is still new for emerging economies of developing countries like Pakistan, India, andEgypt etc. E-commerce is mainly considered to be limited to the sales aspect of the business, but it also entails the exchange of data and payment aspect of the transaction. 1. 2 Types of E-commerce: E-commerce Is mainly divided into the following types: 1. 2. 1 Business-to-Business (BOB): The BOB transactions are taking place between business concerns I. E. Manufacturers, wholesalers, suppliers, distributors. Applications of e-commerce for BOB not only Involve efficient trading but also encompasses myriad of activities like forecasting of customer demand, flow of the needed information among concerned parties, etc.Transactions with ultimate consumers by manufacturers, middlemen, etc. Are however excluded from the area of BOB. 1. 2. 2 Business-to-consumer (BBC): BBC advert to a business transaction taking place between a manufacturer, or retailer on the one hand, and an ultimate consumer for non-business use, on the other hand. Opening an online store is not a big investment today for a SEEM. In developed countries retailers are selling wide range of products and services over the net.They consider web site as a major part of the promotional and advertising campaign along with the use of other tools such as advertising directories, newspaper advertising ND signage. A number of advantages accrue to both the retailers and consumers, Included among them are; Shopping can be faster and more convenient; re tailers get access to larger customer base: retailers can make approach not only to national but also to international customers; and incur lesser running cost than physical stores. There are also some challenges that are faced in e-commerce in using its BBC model.The two major hurdles that come across BBC e-commerce are, firstly, bringing and making large number of customers to buy online, and secondly, to make a customer loyal to your online store for a longer period of time. Small retailers mainly find it difficult to maintain their competitiveness due to the rapid changes taking place in technology, changing customer preferences and maintaining lower prices. Generally online customers are more price-conscious and are easily tempted by slightly lesser price, which makes It more difficult for retailers to retain online customers. . 2. 3 Business-to-Employees (BEE): BEE e-commerce generally refers to ordering for supplies by employees which they use in their jobs, but this concept has now really grown and includes much more. For very easily by using BEE e-commerce. These orders are completely electronic in tauter and supervisors are asked to approve these orders Just to monitor that employee does not exceeds its order limit. BEE allow the employee to access their own records in order to update address information, and maintain their internal resume.A major benefit that companies have got by adopting BEE technologies is that it has dramatically reduced the administrative cost and has also lowered the burden of human resources department for maintaining employees' information and records. 1. 2. 4 Consumer-to-Business (CB): CB e-commerce refers to a setting in which consumers decide what they want to ay, and the vendors decide whether, or not to accept the consumer ‘s bid. The following is an example of CB. A person wants to fly from Appeaser to Karachi, but has only RSI. 8000 in the bank account to make the payment for this round- trip.He advertises on an Internet CB site, looking for airlines that are offering this round trip for RSI. 8000, or less. The main feature of the Internet here is that it creates a segment of customers with specific need of services in which a number of airliners will be interested in offering those services. 1. 2. 5 Consumer-to-consumer (ICC): ICC e-commerce refers to a setting where consumers among themselves buy and sell goods. The most popular example of ICC e-commerce is â€Å"e-bay', it is a website which brings a large number of people from all over America and I-J, provide them a platform where they can auction their personal belongings.This concept has also been adopted in Pakistan. Most popular example from Pakistan would be â€Å"Passels. Com† where cars are being auctioned by their owners, and are purchased by other consumers. ICC e-commerce has its own advantages, including the following are some: access to broader market, no intermediary is involved, convenient or buyers to search the product they are looking for with the required specifications. Other than five major types of e-commerce, the following are the names of some not so popular types of e?commerce which are not meant for commercial use.Government-to-Government (EGG), Government-to-Employee (GEE), Government-to- Business (BOB), Business-to-Government (826), Government-to-citizen (EGG), Citizen- to-Government (COG), are amongst these modes of commerce. These modes are mainly used for administrative work such as registrations to licenses renewal, filing taxes to businesses, etc. This research is mainly related to Business to Consumer (BBC) e-commerce which is commonly known as E-tailing or virtual storefront.So before proceeding forward in the report it would be better to first explain E-tailing briefly and review its history. 1. 3 E-Tailing: E-tailing (electronic retailing) is the selling of consumer products on the net, examples of goods commonly transacted includes books, garments, games, fashion acce ssories, etc. The idea of E-tailing was one of the talked about topic, whenever discussions related to internet took place among economists, analysts and entrepreneurs back in the year 1995. E-tailing is synonymous with business-to- consumer (BBC) transaction.E-tailing began to work for some big companies and some Seems in America in the year 1997 when Dell Computer reported that multimillion dollar orders were taken at its Web site. In the same year Barnes and Nobles e-tail site was launched. This website was launched in haste after watching e-tail site was opened on the same footings as that of Amazon. In the year 1997 many companies biblically announced their achievements they had made in their e-tailing business, for example sale of the millionth car over the web by Auto-By-Tell, and Nielsen Media's recorded 10 million people purchasing goods on the Web in the same year.Growing popularity of e-tailing resulted in the development of software programs that were used for creating o nline catalogs, and also had management tools that will help businesses that are operating on the internet. 1. 4 Key drivers of E-tailing: Different key drivers of E-tailing are identified by many researchers over the years because the understanding of these key factors, E-tailing trends in different countries can easily be analyzed. The following are some of the main key drivers that are generally discussed by many writers and researchers.

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research project - Essay Example To prove the effectiveness of the instrument, the researchers collected the blood sample from a donor and tested it. They measured the diameters of the white and the red blood cells, and they got accurate values. Additionally, they measure the quantities of different blood components, and they got accurate values too (Optical society of America, 2012). The devices work through the Spectrally Encoded Confocal Microscopy (SECM). Through this technique, the images are formed after the split of light beams to form a line of purple to red colors. When scanning a person’s blood, a probe is placed close to the person’s skin. The red to purple line is then directed towards the blood vessels. When the blood cells pass the line, they split it into scattered colors forming images (Optical society of America, 2012). The technique is advantageous over other blood scan systems, since it does not rely on the complicated equipments and harmful fluorescent dyes. However, the researchers discovered that one of the challenges of using this technology is the difficulties in finding the blood vessels depths (Optical society of America, 2012). 2. The use of optical microscopy in studying the blood characteristics will make the work of the medical experts easier. In the paper, the researchers have demonstrated the viability of the Spectrally Encoded Flow Cytometry (SEFC). ... They compared the SEFC imaging using the in vivo, and the in Vitro imaging system. The researchers used Healthy volunteers who pressed their lower lips against the probe of the in vivo imaging. For the in vitro imaging, blood was collected from the healthy donors using venipuncture. The results showed that the SEFC in vivo imaging system produce clearer images compared to the in vitro imaging system (Golan, Yeheskely-Hayon & Minai, 2012). This is because it was possible to see and count even the smallest capillaries. Additionally, more images were observable in the in vivo imaging system. However, while using the in vivo system, the researchers experienced some challenges while trying to find the image depths (Golan, Yeheskely-Hayon & Minai, 2012). Through the study, the researchers discovered that the SEFC in vivo can show the characteristics of people’s blood components and the technique is non-invasive (Golan, Yeheskely-Hayon & Minai, 2012). The use of SEFC will be helpful in tracking the hematocrit levels, which is useful when studying the circulation alterations before and after surgeries (Golan, Yeheskely-Hayon & Minai, 2012). The study highlights the effectiveness of SEFC in visualizing cell deformation especially for those patients with sickle cell anemia. However, the researchers suggested that additional studies regarding the potential of the in vivo SEFC are necessary. This is because an upgrade in system is necessary to increase the imaging depth (Golan, Yeheskely-Hayon & Minai, 2012). 3 I All the articles demonstrate the potential of the SEFC in carrying out blood tests. The authors of both articles criticize the technology, and they think that further research is

Intelligent Systems (Natural language processing, Sentiment analysis Assignment

Intelligent Systems (Natural language processing, Sentiment analysis and Text mining ) - Assignment Example In this area, computations are involved and they end up in a natural language capable of processing opinions. It therefore give as detailed study into mood or emotion recognition, relevance computation, ranking, identifying source, giving genre distinction, and a summarization of the opinion (Pang & lee, 2008). Moreover, Pang & Lee (2008) states that in sentimental analysis texts need to be mapped to respective labels from a defined data set or through placing it from one end to another on continuum. Knowing above, a topic was to be investigated to determine the effectiveness of these analyses. The topic chosen included â€Å"saber tooth desktop† and in the rating, it occurred that 87% of the comment were positive and only 13% accounted for the negative. I downloaded it using sentiment140.com. However, reading through the tweets, it occurred to me that the facility was never accurate. It could never detect sarcastic messages, shortened words and it only analyzed the English pa rt of the messages. Moreover, from the data of about four sets, correlation was sought out in order to determine the accuracy of the method and it was noted that for the positive tweets there was an F harmonic of about 6.5% and for the negatives it showed 4.2%. Consequently, this is an indication that sentiment gave a dependable result though they are not 100% accurate. Moreover, the above topic could be downloaded directly using tweeter API. One needs to have a tweeter account, create an application, from the application, one is offered machine readable consumer key access token, and consumer secrets and from those, one can receive tweeter updates on any website they specified and coded with the relevant details given when sign in for a tweeter API account. From the gotten results using tweeter Prolog-WordNet libraries, it indicated that there is a correlation between the sent tweets and the message they were conveying however at a given sentiment polarity. Moreover, the extraction this time round had a higher number of tweets and gives a considerable proportion of 72% for the positive tweets and a 28% for the negative. As a result, it showed how the various entities or concepts were directly linked to positivity or negativity of the sentiment. It analyzed that a good percentage as it is expected of positivity was correct as well as that of negativity. However, it incorporated some percentages of negative side to the positive and those of positive to negative. In consequence, it may be argued that, even though the second process is much demanding in acquiring tweets and then analyzing them, it is much accurate than the first process especially in the case involving huge volumes of data. Moreover, the gotten data could be analyzed deeper to according to either it being positive and negative. It could be analyzed into who it involved-the company, workers, sales staff and any other person involved. Moreover, it was noted that for the two applied types, they give out results related to features of the search. For the music or sports related, there is one where conversion of search results is higher. Part Two Natural language processing (NPL) is the part of computer studies that deals with artificial intelligence especially involving interactions of machine-computers-languages and the linguistic part of human. It basically tries to give

Chemical Castration of Pedophiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 19500 words

Chemical Castration of Pedophiles - Essay Example There is considerÐ °ble clinicÐ °l reseÐ °rch focusing on violent sexuÐ °l offenders, including child molesters. The relÐ °tionship of T to Ð °ggressive sexuÐ °l behÐ °vior in men hÐ °s Ð °lso been extensively reseÐ °rched Ð °nd some studies hÐ °ve shown positive correlÐ °tions between plÐ °smÐ ° T levels Ð °nd sexuÐ °l Ð °ggression. The chemicÐ °l cÐ °strÐ °tion treÐ °tment of sexuÐ °l offenders is Ð ° chemicÐ °l method of reducing the sexuÐ °l drive Ð °nd consequently Ð °ffecting the sexuÐ °l behÐ °vior of sexuÐ °l offenders. It hÐ °s been Ð °ssumed thÐ °t the direction of sexuÐ °l drive wÐ °s unÐ °ffected. Recent work with cyproterone Ð °cetÐ °te (CHEMICÐ L CÐ STRÐ TION) showed differentiÐ °l effects on sexuÐ °l Ð °rousÐ °l pÐ °tterns with Ð ° reduction of pedophilic sexuÐ °l Ð °rousÐ °l but less effect on the sexuÐ °l Ð °rousÐ °l to Ð °dult mutuÐ °lly consenting heterosexuÐ °l intercourse. Cyproterone Ð °cetÐ °te hÐ °s chemicÐ °l cÐ °strÐ °tionic, Ð °ntigonÐ °drotropic, Ð °nd progestÐ °tionÐ °l effects (LiÐ °ng et Ð °l., 1977). Its principÐ °l mode of Ð °ction is on the Ð °ndrogen receptors. CHEMICÐ L CÐ STRÐ TION blocks the intrÐ °cellulÐ °r T uptÐ °ke, the intrÐ °cellulÐ °r metÐ °bolism of the Ð °ndrogens Ð °s well Ð °s the receptor binding (MÐ °inwÐ °ring, 1977). CHEMICÐ L CÐ STRÐ TION Ð °ppeÐ °rs to hÐ °ve Ð ° mÐ °in effect on receptors thÐ °t hÐ °ve Ð ° high Ð °ffinity for dihydrotestosterone (DHT). CHEMICÐ L CÐ STRÐ TION hÐ °s both desirÐ °ble Ð °nd undesirÐ °ble side effects Ð °nd those influencing sexuÐ °l behÐ °vior Ð °re desirÐ °ble in the treÐ °tment of the pedohiliÐ °. he side effects Ð °re, to Ð ° lÐ °rge degree, dose dependent.... It is these individuls who need to be treted using chemicl pproch in ddition to cognitive behviouril therpy. Further, pedophili lone is very severe public helth problem of stggering proportions, with between 6 nd 62% of girls nd 10 to 30% of boys being the victims of sexul buse in childhood ccording to vrious studies (Peters, Wytt, & Finkelhor, 1986). Furthermore, in the United Sttes the costs of incrcerting individuls convicted of sexully busing children is stggering, with more thn two billion dollrs spent in 1990, while t the sme time there is no evidence tht the deterrence of incrcertion hs ny impct on the problem (Pithers et l., 1995). t this time, no one is certin of the cuse of pedophili nd other sexul devitions. In ddition, the ctul incidence nd prevlence of the pedohili is unknown. The level of sexul buse victimiztion of children in the generl popultion tody is firly consistent with tht reported by Kinsey (Gebhrd & Johnson, 1979). In study completed in the 1940s, 24% of 4,000 femles surveyed disclosed sexul interction with mle t lest five yers older thn them when they were 14 yers of ge or younger (Gebhrd & Johnson, 1979). Sexul intercourse occurred in 93% of cses, nd in 31% of cses there ws mild petting or fondling without involvement of the genitls. ntionl survey by the Federl Government of Cnd on sexul violence ginst children nd dolescents found tht 18.1% of children (23.5% of femles nd 12.8% of mles) were victims of childhood sexul buse. In only 20% of cses were the perpetrtors strngers, with friends, cquintnces, prents, nd other fmily members being the perpetrtors in the mjority of cses (Federl Government of Cnd, 1984). The ctul levels of the prevlence of pedophili in the generl popultion is unknown, but it